OrangeForest

Ibn Abi 'asrun

2005-03-24T18:46:00.000-08:00

After completing his theological

Uist

2005-03-22T23:50:00.000-08:00

Either of two islands of the Outer Hebrides, both lying off the northwestern coast of Scotland. See North Uist; South Uist.

Piepoudre Court

2005-03-19T06:45:00.000-08:00

The court decided summarily and on the spot disputes arising

Dell, Floyd

2005-03-17T18:45:00.000-08:00

A precocious poet, Dell grew up in an impoverished family and left high school at age 16 to work in a factory. Moving to Chicago in 1908, he worked as a newspaperman and soon was a leader of the

Xenophon

2005-03-15T01:33:00.000-08:00

As a writer of prose, Xenophon ranked with his fellow historians Herodotus and Thucydides in the opinion of literary critics of antiquity and had a stronger influence on Latin literature than either. His works were translated into many European languages in the 16th century, and, until comparatively recently, his reputation stood high. He was the first journalist

Mason And Dixon Line

2005-03-13T04:21:00.000-08:00

Also called Mason-Dixon Line, originally the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania in the United States. In the pre-Civil War period it was regarded, together with the Ohio River, as the dividing line between slave states south of it and free-soil states north of it. Between 1763 and 1767 the 233-mile (375-kilometre) line was surveyed along the parallel 39°43¢ by two Englishmen, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, to define

Avidya

2005-03-12T20:54:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit), in the Buddhist chain of dependent origination, the ignorance that fetters man to transmigration. See pratitya-samutpada.

Croker, Thomas Crofton

2005-03-09T01:24:00.000-08:00

The son of an army major, Croker had little school education but did read widely while working in merchant trade. During rambles in southern Ireland from 1812 to 1816, Croker collected legends, folk songs, and keens (dirges for the

Gäncä

2005-03-08T09:33:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Gänjä, Gandzha, Gjandza , or Gyandzha , formerly (1935–89) Kirovabad , or (1804–1918) Yelizavetpol city, western Azerbaijan. It lies along the Gäncä River. The town was founded sometime in the 5th or 6th century, about 4 miles (6.5 km) east of the modern city. That town was destroyed by earthquake in 1139 and rebuilt on the present site. Gäncä became an important centre of trade, but in 1231 it was again leveled, this time by the Mongols. Captured in 1606 by the Persians, it became the centre of the

Kafue National Park

2005-03-04T00:16:00.000-08:00

Park, south-central Zambia. Established in 1950 and located about 200 miles (322 km) west of Lusaka, the park covers an area of 8,650 square miles (22,400 square km) and consists of a vast and gently undulating plateau, situated along the middle reaches of the Kafue River and its two tributaries, the Lufupa and the Lunga. The vegetation is lush and green, varying from mixed forest, thicket, woodland,

Light Bulb

2005-03-02T22:45:00.000-08:00

Electric incandescent lamp based on a glowing metallic filament enclosed within a glass shell filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen. See incandescent lamp; lamp.

Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, 1st Baronet

2005-02-27T20:47:00.000-08:00

A brother-in-law of the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, Buxton, in

Marsala

2005-02-26T10:34:00.000-08:00

Latin Lilybaeum, town, Trapani province, western Sicily, Italy. It is situated on the Boeo Cape, also called Lilibeo, south of Trapani. It originated as Lilybaeum, which was founded by the Carthaginians in 397–396 BC after the destruction of the offshore island of Motya (modern San Pantaleo) by Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse. Serving as the Carthaginians' principal stronghold in Sicily,

Piteå

2005-02-23T06:51:00.000-08:00

Town and port, län (county) of Norrbotten, northern Sweden. It lies along the Pite River near its outlet on the Gulf of Bothnia. The town was originally chartered at Öjebyn in 1621, but after a fire in 1666 it was moved to its present location. Lying in a forest-rich area, it is a centre for shipping timber and wallboard, and among its industries are sawmilling and others connected with

Cultured Pearl

2005-02-22T09:50:00.000-08:00

Natural but cultivated pearl produced by a mollusk after the intentional introduction of a foreign object inside the creature's shell. The discovery that such pearls could be cultivated in freshwater mussels is said to have been made in 13th-century China, and the Chinese have been adept for hundreds of years at cultivating pearls by opening the mussel's shell and

Zamyatin, Yevgeny Ivanovich

2005-02-20T10:14:00.000-08:00

Zamyatin also spelled Zamiatin Russian novelist, playwright, and satirist, one of the most brilliant and cultured minds of the post-revolutionary period, and creator of a peculiarly modern genre—the anti-Utopian novel. His influence as an experimental stylist and as an exponent of the cosmopolitan-humanist traditions

Radegunda, Saint

2005-02-17T11:16:00.000-08:00

A Thuringian princess, Radegunda was captured about 531 by Chlotar I during an expedition against the Thuringians. She was educated in letters at his court;

Conner, Mount

2005-02-15T02:39:00.000-08:00

Most easterly of central Australia's giant tors, or monoliths, which include Ayers Rock (called Uluru by the region's Aborigines) and the Olga Rocks rising above the desert plain southeast of Lake Amadeus in southwestern Northern Territory. Mount Conner is flat-topped and horseshoe-shaped and reaches to 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level; its lower 500 feet (150 m) are covered by a talus

Baqqarah

2005-02-14T10:37:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Baggara (Arabic: “Cattlemen”), nomad Arabs who have been forced by circumstance to live in a part of Africa that will support the cow but not the camel—south of latitude 13° and north of latitude 10° from Lake Chad eastward to the Nile River. Probably they are the descendants of Arabs who migrated west out of Egypt in the European Middle Ages, turned south from Tunisia to Chad, and finally

Pencil Drawing

2005-02-11T01:53:00.000-08:00

Drawing executed with an instrument composed of graphite enclosed in a wood casing and intended either as a sketch for a more elaborate work in another medium, an exercise in visual expression, or a finished work. The cylindrical graphite pencil, because of its usefulness in easily producing linear gray-black strokes, became the successor of the older, metallic

Courante

2005-02-10T01:40:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Courant (from Latin currere, “to run”), court dance for couples, prominent in the late 16th century and fashionable in aristocratic European ballrooms, especially in France and England, for the next 200 years. It reputedly originated as an Italian folk dance with running steps. As a court dance it was performed with small, back-and-forth, springing steps, later subdued to stately glides.

San-ming

2005-02-08T01:41:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Sanming, city in west-central Fukien sheng (province), China. San-ming lies along the Sha River, a southern tributary of the Min River, the valley of which provides the chief southwest-to-northeast route through central Fukien. Westward and southwestward routes fan out into the mountainous interior of Fukien, and to the south there is a good route via the valley of the Chiu-lung

Muhasibi, Al-

2005-02-06T02:08:00.000-08:00

In full Abu 'abd Allah Al-harith Ibn Asad Al-'anazi Al-muhasibi eminent Muslim mystic (Sufi) and theologian renowned for his psychological refinement of pietistic devotion and his role as a precursor of the doctrine of later Muslim orthodoxy. His main work was ar-Ri 'ayah li-huquq Allah, in which he acknowledges asceticism to be valuable as an act of supererogation but always to be tempered by inner and outer duties

Zaltys

2005-02-04T19:46:00.000-08:00

On special occasions the snake was asked to the table to share the family meal from their

Babylonia

2005-02-02T06:48:00.000-08:00

Ancient cultural region occupying southeastern Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern southern Iraq from around Baghdad to the Persian Gulf). Because the city of Babylon was the capital of this area for so many centuries, the term Babylonia has come to refer to the entire culture that developed in the area from the time it was first settled,

Gaultier De Varennes Et De La Vérendrye, Pierre

2005-01-31T02:55:00.000-08:00

(French-Canadian explorer): see La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de.

Dado

2005-01-28T08:22:00.000-08:00

In Classical architecture, the plain portion between the base and cornice of the pedestal of a column and, in later architecture, the paneled, painted, or otherwise decorated lower part of a wall, up to 2 or 3 feet (60 to 90 cm) above the floor. Internal walls were so treated between the 16th and the 18th century, though toward the close of that period the dado was left plain and merely defined

Christchurch Mansion

2005-01-26T15:52:00.000-08:00

In Ipswich, Suffolk, Eng., Tudor mansion built between 1548 and 1550 by Edmund Withipoll and now maintained as an art gallery and museum that is part of the Ipswich Museum of Art. The mansion houses a collection of local antiquities, including paintings and memorials of Edward Fitzgerald and Thomas Wollner. It has fine 16th-century paneling and part of a marble font from

Saramago, José

2005-01-25T01:38:00.000-08:00

The son of rural labourers, Saramago grew up in great poverty in Lisbon. After holding a series jobs as mechanic and metalworker, Saragamo began working in a Lisbon publishing firm and eventually became a journalist and translator. He joined the Portuguese

Teschenite

2005-01-23T05:23:00.000-08:00

Coarse- to fine-grained, rather dark-coloured, intrusive igneous rock that occurs in sills (tabular bodies inserted while molten between other rocks), dikes (tabular bodies injected in fissures), and irregular masses and is always altered to some extent. It consists primarily of plagioclase feldspar, analcime, and titaniferous augite, with barkevikite, nepheline,

Welch, Denton

2005-01-21T04:20:00.000-08:00

Welch was educated at Repton School in Derbyshire. After a visit to China he studied painting at the Goldsmith School of Art. In 1935, while still at school, he was severely injured

Liszt, Franz

2005-01-18T13:12:00.000-08:00

In 1869 Liszt was invited to return to Weimar by the grand duke to give master classes in piano playing, and two years later he was asked to do the same in Budapest. From then until the end of his life he divided his time between Rome, Weimar, and Budapest. After a reconciliation with Wagner in 1872, Liszt regularly attended the Bayreuth festivals. He appeared occasionally as a pianist

Brianchon, Charles-julien

2005-01-17T10:12:00.000-08:00

In 1804 Brianchon entered the École Polytechnique in Paris, where

Earth Sciences

2005-01-15T10:04:00.000-08:00

The origins of the Earth sciences lie in the myths and legends of the distant past. The creation story, which can be traced to a Babylonian epic of the 22nd century BC and which is told in the first chapter of Genesis, has proved most influential. The story is cast in the form of Earth history and thus was readily accepted as an embodiment of scientific as well as of theological

Pleurococcus

2005-01-12T14:00:00.000-08:00

Pleurococcus is found as a thin, green covering on the moist, shaded side of trees, rocks, and soil. Because it grows on the north (or shaded) side of trees, stone walls, and fences, Pleurococcus is an

Essex

2005-01-11T14:44:00.000-08:00

English

Priam

2005-01-09T10:29:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, the last king of Troy. He succeeded his father, Laomedon, as king and extended his control over the Hellespont. He married first Arisbe (a daughter of Merops the seer) and then Hecuba, by whom he had many children, including his favourites, Hector and Paris. Homer described Priam as an old man, powerless but kindly, not even blaming Helen, the wife of Paris,

Generative Grammar

2005-01-07T18:57:00.000-08:00

A precisely formulated set of rules whose output is all (and only) the sentences of a language—i.e., of the language that it generates. There are many different kinds of generative grammar, including transformational grammar as developed by Noam Chomsky from the mid-1950s. Linguists disagree as to which, if any, of these different kinds of generative grammar will serve as

Jackfruit

2005-01-05T15:23:00.000-08:00

(species Artocarpus heterophyllus), tree native to tropical Asia and widely grown throughout the wetland tropics for its large fruits and durable wood. Like its relative the breadfruit, it belongs to the mulberry family (Moraceae). The jackfruit is 15 to 20 m (50 to 70 feet) tall at maturity, has large stiff, glossy green leaves 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) long, and fruit up to 60 cm (about 2 feet) long

Nabis

2005-01-02T16:29:00.000-08:00

Last ruler (207–192) of an independent Sparta. Nabis carried on the revolutionary tradition of Kings Agis IV and Cleomenes III. Since ancient accounts of him are mainly abusive, the details of his laws remain obscure, but it is certain that he confiscated a great deal of property and enfranchised many helots (Spartan serfs). He undoubtedly was not the monster depicted by the

Saar, Betye

2005-01-02T04:38:00.000-08:00

Saar studied design at the University of California at Los Angeles (B.A., 1949) and education and printmaking at California State University at Long Beach. In the early 1960s she created etchings

Bloemfontein

2004-12-31T06:23:00.000-08:00

Founded by Major H. Douglas Warden in 1846 as a fort and residency, it became the seat of the British-administered Orange River Sovereignty (1848–54) and of the Orange Free State (an independent Boer republic formed in 1854). The failure of the Bloemfontein Conference

Power Steering

2004-12-30T04:04:00.000-08:00

System to aid the steering of an automobile by use of a hydraulic device (driven from the engine) that amplifies the turning moment, or torque, applied to the steering wheel by the driver. To reduce the torque required from the driver as cars became heavier and tires softer, gears were introduced between the steering wheel shaft and the linkage that turns the wheels.

Wurtzite

2004-12-29T11:41:00.000-08:00

A zinc sulfide mineral that occurs typically in Potosí, Bolivia; Butte, Mont.; and Goldfield, Nev. It is a rare and unstable (at temperatures below 1,020° C, [1,870° F]) hexagonally symmetrical modification of sphalerite, to which it inverts crystallographically; it may be made artificially from sphalerite by rapid cooling from 1,020° C. For detailed physical properties, see sulfide

Extinction

2004-12-28T06:30:00.000-08:00

In biology, the dying out or termination of a race or species. Extinction occurs when a species can no longer reproduce at replacement levels. Most extinctions are thought to have resulted from environmental changes that affected the species in either of two ways. The doomed species might not have been able to adapt to the changed environment and thus perished without

Peter The Venerable

2004-12-28T03:02:00.000-08:00

Peter joined Bernard of Clairvaux in supporting Pope Innocent II, thereby weakening the position of the antipope, Anacletus II. After Peter Abelard's

Obaku

2004-12-25T21:28:00.000-08:00

Chinese Huang-po, one of the three Zen sects in Japan, founded in 1654 by the Chinese priest Yin-yüan (Japanese Ingen); it continues to preserve elements of the Chinese tradition in its architecture, religious ceremonies, and teachings. Although the methods of achieving sudden insight as developed by the Rinzai sect are practiced by Obaku monks, invocation of the name of the Buddha Amida (nembutsu

Ramjet

2004-12-25T02:22:00.000-08:00

Air-breathing jet engine that operates with no major moving parts. It relies on the craft's forward motion to draw in air and on a specially shaped intake passage to compress the air for combustion. After fuel sprayed into the engine has been ignited, combustion is self-sustaining. As in other jet engines, forward thrust is obtained as a reaction to the rearward rush

Chelles

2004-12-24T04:12:00.000-08:00

Town, eastern suburb of Paris, in Seine-et-Marne département, Paris region, north-central France, near the Marne River. It is the site of ancient Calae and has ruins of the 7th-century Abbey of Notre-Dame-de-Chelles (founded by Bathilde, widow of Clovis II, and destroyed during the French Revolution). Prehistoric remains found nearby in the 19th century were designated Chellean

Black Bart

2004-12-23T17:11:00.000-08:00

Born in New York state, he served in the American Civil War and

Fibroma

2004-12-22T19:25:00.000-08:00

Any benign tumour of fibrous tissue. Specific fibromas include nonossifying fibroma, found in the large long bones; it is relatively common in older children and young adults. Fibromas can occur in many areas of the body and may remain symptomless throughout life.

Kyabram

2004-12-22T16:25:00.000-08:00

Town, central Victoria, Australia. It is situated approximately 124 miles (200 km) north of Melbourne. The name Kyabram comes from an Aboriginal word meaning “thick forest.” The settlement grew up after the arrival of the railway line from Melbourne in 1887 and the completion of an irrigation system in 1891. Kyabram was gazetted as a borough in 1954 and as a town in 1973. It is the service centre for

Forbes (of Culloden), Duncan

2004-12-20T11:19:00.000-08:00

Trained in law, Forbes entered local politics and in 1715 aided the Hanoverian cause during the unsuccessful Jacobite rebellion of that year. Forbes was elected

Powhatan

2004-12-19T18:34:00.000-08:00

Confederacy of at least 30 Algonkian-speaking North American Indian tribes that once occupied most of what is now tidewater Virginia, the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay, and possibly southern Maryland. The confederacy had been formed by and named for a powerful chief, Powhatan, shortly before the colonial settlement of Jamestown in 1607. The tribes of the confederacy

Taft, Lorado

2004-12-18T09:35:00.000-08:00

Taft graduated from the University of Illinois in Champaign and from 1880 to 1883 attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he received a conservative, traditional art education with an emphasis on mythological

Biblical Literature, The Letter of James

2004-12-17T05:40:00.000-08:00

The Letter of James, though often criticized as having nothing specifically Christian in its content apart from its use of the phrase the “Lord Jesus Christ” and its salutation to a general audience depicted as the twelve tribes in the dispersion (the Diaspora), is actually a letter most representative of early Christian piety. It depicts the teachings of the early

Race, The false assumptions of anthropometry

2004-12-15T22:38:00.000-08:00

For the first half of the 20th century, scholars continued to debate “the Negro's place in nature.” But the debate over multiple or single origins receded after 1859, when the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution led to a more dynamic perspective on species. Evolution produced a new perspective on the causes of the Negro's innate condition; the central problem

Madison, James

2004-12-14T06:58:00.000-08:00

During eight years as Jefferson's secretary of state (1801–09), Madison used the words “The President has decided” so regularly that his own role can be discovered only in foreign archives. British diplomats dealing with Madison encountered “asperity of temper and fluency of expression.” Senators John Adair and Nicholas Gilman agreed in 1806 that he “governed the President,” an opinion held also by French minister Louis-Marie Turreau.

K'ang-hsi

2004-12-13T00:37:00.000-08:00

The third son of the Shun-chih emperor, Hsüan-yeh was born to Empress Hsiao-k'ang, daughter of Tulai, a famous Manchu general from the prestigious T'ung clan. (The Manchus were a people of Tungusic stock living in Manchuria who conquered China and established the Ch'ing dynasty in 1644.) Upon Shunchih's sudden death from smallpox at age 23, in February 1661, Hsüan-yeh was immediately raised

Environmental Works, Developments in supply systems

2004-12-12T07:52:00.000-08:00

Water was an important factor in the location of the earliest settled communities, and the evolution of public water supply systems is tied directly to the growth of cities. In the development of water resources beyond their natural condition in rivers, lakes, and springs, the digging of shallow wells was probably the earliest innovation. As the need for water increased

Kekri

2004-12-11T05:04:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Keyri, or Käyri, in ancient Finnish religion, a feast day marking the end of the agricultural season that also coincided with the time when the cattle were taken in from pasture and settled for a winter's stay in the barn. Kekri originally fell on Michaelmas, September 29, but was later shifted to November 1, All Saints' Day. In the old system of reckoning time, Kekri was a critical period between

Eye, Human, The transparent media

2004-12-10T14:04:00.000-08:00

Within the cavities enclosed by the three layers of the globe described above there are the aqueous humour in the anterior and posterior chambers; the crystalline lens behind the iris; and the vitreous body, which fills the large cavity behind the lens and iris (Figure 1).

Lehigh University

2004-12-08T03:41:00.000-08:00

Private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S. The university includes colleges of Arts and Sciences, Business and Economics, Education, and Engineering and Applied Science. In addition to undergraduate studies, Lehigh offers a range of master's and doctoral degree programs. Research facilities include the Musser Center

Arabia, History Of, Postwar Arabia, to 1962

2004-12-07T07:47:00.000-08:00

The post-World War I settlement and centralization of power in the hands of Yahya, Ibn Sa'ud, and the British gave Arabia a large measure of internal peace and external security, which endured until 1962. A new factor in the 1930s was the discovery of immense quantities of petroleum in the deserts. In Bahrain oil was struck in June 1932. The American-owned Arabian Standard Oil Company (later

Philetas Of Cos

2004-12-06T23:44:00.000-08:00

Philetas also spelled Philitas Greek poet and grammarian from the Aegean island of Cos, regarded as the founder of the Hellenistic school of poetry, which flourished in Alexandria after c. 323 BC. He is reputed to have been the tutor of Ptolemy II and the poet Theocritus. The Roman poets Propertius and Ovid mention him as their model, but only fragments of his work have survived. His most important poem

Tyrosine

2004-12-05T13:17:00.000-08:00

An amino acid comprising about 1 to 6 percent by weight of the mixture obtained by hydrolysis of most proteins. First isolated from casein (1849), tyrosine is particularly abundant in insulin (a hormone) and papain (an enzyme found in fruit of the papaya), which contain 13 percent by weight. Tyrosine is one of several so-called essential amino acids for certain animals; i.e., they cannot

Motion Picture, History Of The, Great Britain

2004-12-03T16:08:00.000-08:00

In Great Britain the post-World War II cinema was even more literary than in France, relying heavily on the adaptation of classics in the work of such directors as Laurence Olivier (Henry V, 1944; Hamlet, 1948; Richard III, 1955), David Lean (Great Expectations, 1946; Oliver Twist, 1948), and Anthony Asquith (The Importance of Being Earnest, 1952). Even less-conventional films had literary sources (Carol

Libraries And Museums

2004-12-03T13:33:00.000-08:00

Earlier in the year the International Council

Quilon

2004-12-02T23:25:00.000-08:00

Town, administrative headquarters of Quilon district, southern Kerala state, southwestern India. Quilon has existed for many centuries and was called Elancon by early travellers, Kaulam Mall by the Arabs, and Coilum by the 13th-century Venetian traveller Marco Polo. Its location made it commercially important; the first Europeans there were the Portuguese, followed

Texas, Revolution and the republic

2004-12-02T02:42:00.000-08:00

Unrest throughout Mexico, including Texas, resulted in a coup by Antonio López de Santa Anna, who assumed the presidency in 1833. Texans, hopeful for relief from restrictive governmental measures, supported Santa Anna. Austin expected a friendly hearing about these grievances but instead was imprisoned in Mexico City for encouraging insurrection. He was freed in 1835 and

Water Chestnut

2004-11-30T03:24:00.000-08:00

The water caltrop (T. natans) has submerged leaves that are long, feathery, and rootlike, and floating leaves, in a loose rosette, that are attached to petioles, or leafstalks, 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) long.

Wild Radish

2004-11-29T06:40:00.000-08:00

Also called Jointed Charlock (species Raphanus raphanistrum), widespread annual weed of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and naturalized in North America. It is believed by some authorities to be the ancestor of the domestic radish (R. sativus). Wild radish has a stout taproot, a rosette of unequally divided leaves and very bristly flowering stalks 60 cm (2 feet) tall. The four-petaled

Biblical Literature, The medieval period

2004-11-28T18:44:00.000-08:00

In the early Middle Ages the fourfold sense of Scripture—developed from Origen's threefold

Ibrahim Pasa

2004-11-27T22:25:00.000-08:00

Ibrahim's first military expedition was to Egypt (1524), where he reestablished order and introduced administrative and fiscal measures that solidified Ottoman authority there.

Catalonia

2004-11-25T16:59:00.000-08:00

Spanish Cataluña , Catalan Catalunya comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) and historic region of Spain encompassing the northeastern Spanish provincias of Gerona, Barcelona, Tarragona, and Lérida and established by the statute of autonomy of Dec. 18, 1979. The autonomous community of Catalonia, which has an area of 12,328 square miles (31,930 square km), is the richest and most highly industrialized part of Spain. The

Mittelland Canal

2004-11-25T16:07:00.000-08:00

Also called Ems-weser-elbe Canal, German waterway begun in 1905 and completed in 1938. It extends from the Dortmund-Ems Canal east of Rheine, Ger., eastward along the northern border of the Central Uplands, to the Elbe River north of Magdeburg (a distance of about 199 miles [321 km]), linking there with the Havel Canal eastward to Berlin. Side canals connect it with Osnabrück, Hannover, Salzgitter, and Hildesheim. Peine, between

Florianópolis

2004-11-24T16:33:00.000-08:00

The first European settlement on the island was made in 1542 by Spaniards, but in 1675 control passed to the Portuguese, who established

Hippie

2004-11-24T06:03:00.000-08:00

Also spelled hippy member, during the 1960s and 1970s, of a countercultural movement that rejected the mores of mainstream American life. The movement originated on U.S. college campuses, although it spread to other countries, including Canada and Britain. The name derived from “hip,” a term applied to the Beats of the 1950s, such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, who were generally considered to be the

Chrestien, Florent

2004-11-22T23:04:00.000-08:00

The son of Guillaume Chrestien, an eminent physician and writer on physiology, he became a pupil of Henri Estienne, the Hellenist, at an early age. Later, he was appointed tutor to Henry of Navarre, afterward Henry IV of France, who made him his librarian.

Saïda

2004-11-21T19:15:00.000-08:00

Town, northwestern Algeria, on the southern slopes of the Tell Atlas and the northern fringe of the Hauts (high) Plateaux. The city's site has been of military importance since the construction there of a Roman fort. Saïda was a stronghold of Abdelkader, the Algerian national leader who burned the town upon the approach of French forces in 1844. Modern Saïda was founded as

Alcalá De Guadaira

2004-11-20T16:02:00.000-08:00

Town, Sevilla provincia, in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”), southwestern Spain. It is just southeast of Sevilla city, on the Guadaira River. The town is popularly known as Alcalá de los Panaderos (Alcalá of the Bakers) because of its large number of bakeries and flour mills, which supply Sevilla with most of its flour. Olives are also exported,

Hadrumetum

2004-11-19T15:56:00.000-08:00

Modern Susah , also spelled Sousa, or Sousse ancient Phoenician colony some 100 miles (160 km) south of Carthage, on the east coast of the Al-Hammamat Gulf in what is now Tunisia. Hadrumetum was one of the most important communities within the Carthaginian territory in northern Africa because of its location on the sea at the edge of the fertile Sahel region. In the Third Punic War (149–146 BC) Hadrumetum sided with Rome, and its citizens

Robbins, Jerome

2004-11-18T07:49:00.000-08:00

Original surname Rabinowitz one of the most popular and imaginative American choreographers of the 20th century. Robbins was first known for his skillful use of contemporary American themes in ballets and Broadway and Hollywood musicals. He won acclaim for highly innovative ballets structured within the traditional framework of classical

Chandler, Zachariah

2004-11-17T17:24:00.000-08:00

Chandler, who was

Tigray

2004-11-16T22:08:00.000-08:00

The Tigray are descendants of a Semitic people who intermixed with the Cushitic inhabitants of the region and founded the Christian kingdom

Caccini, Giulio

2004-11-16T08:38:00.000-08:00

Also called Giulio Romano singer and composer whose songs greatly helped to establish and disseminate the new monodic music introduced in Italy about 1600. This is music in which an expressive melody is accompanied by evocative chords, as opposed to the traditional polyphonic style with its complex interweaving of several melodic

Auburn

2004-11-14T22:34:00.000-08:00

City, King county, western Washington, U.S., in the White River valley, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Tacoma. It was laid out in 1887 by Levi W. Ballard, an early local settler, and named for W.A. Slaughter, an army officer killed in a conflict with area Indians 30 years earlier. Local residents, disliking the name Slaughter (the hotel was named Slaughter House), petitioned the legislature to change

Tobey, Mark

2004-11-14T15:43:00.000-08:00

Tobey studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and worked for a time as a fashion illustrator and portraitist in New York City. He converted

Locarno

2004-11-11T17:06:00.000-08:00

German Luggarus town, Ticino canton, southern Switzerland. It is situated at the northern end of Lago Maggiore, near the mouth of the Maggia River, west of Bellinzona. The site was settled in prehistoric times, and the town was first mentioned in 789. A possession of the dukes of Milan from 1342, it was taken by the Swiss in 1513. It became part of the newly formed Ticino canton in 1803 and, with Lugano and Bellinzona,

Lorena

2004-11-11T14:22:00.000-08:00

City, southeastern São Paulo estado (“state”), Brazil. It lies along the Paraíba do Sul River, at 1,719 feet (524 m) above sea level. Formerly known as Pôrto de Guaipacaré and Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Aparecida, it was given town status in 1782 and was made the seat of a municipality in 1788. The city is a trade centre for an agricultural hinterland in which rice, corn (maize), feijão (beans), potatoes,

Benda, Frantiek

2004-11-10T13:46:00.000-08:00

The eldest son of Jan Jirí Benda and his wife Dorota Brixi, both talented musicians, Benda studied under Johann Gottlieb Graun and joined the orchestra of Frederick II the Great (then crown prince). On Frederick's accession (1740) to the Prussian

Steffens, (joseph) Lincoln

2004-11-10T11:15:00.000-08:00

After attending the University of California, Steffens studied psychology with Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig and with Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris, which confirmed his basic positivist orientation.

Animal, Support and movement

2004-11-07T21:41:00.000-08:00

A skeleton can support an animal, act as an antagonist to muscle contraction, or, most commonly, do both. Because muscles can only contract, they require some other structure to stretch them to their noncontracted (relaxed) state. Another set of muscles or the skeleton itself can act as an antagonist to muscle contraction. Only elastic skeletons can act without an antagonist;

Hades

2004-11-07T03:55:00.000-08:00

Greek Aïdes (“the Unseen”), also called Pluto, or Pluton (“the Rich”), in Greek religion, son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, and brother of the deities Zeus and Poseidon. After Cronus was killed, the kingdom of the underworld fell by lot to Hades. There he ruled with his queen, Persephone, over the infernal powers and over the dead, in what was often called “the House of Hades,” or simply Hades. Though he supervised the trial and punishment

Cumberland, Richard

2004-11-06T16:36:00.000-08:00

English dramatist whose plays were in tune with the sentimental spirit that became an important literary force during the latter half of the 18th century. He was a master of stagecraft, a good observer of men and manners, but today perhaps is chiefly famous as the model for the character of Sir Fretful Plagiary in Richard

Neoglaziovia

2004-11-05T04:19:00.000-08:00

The leaves of N. variegata, a reedlike plant, are up to 1.2 m (4 feet) long. They contain a fibre known as caroa, which is used to make rope, fabric, netting, and packing material.

Spondylitis

2004-11-04T03:39:00.000-08:00

Ankylosing spondylitis (also called Bekhterev spondylitis, deforming spondylitis, or Marie-Strümpell arthritis) is a degenerative disease of the spine that is characteristically

Orange Free State

2004-11-03T16:01:00.000-08:00

Afrikaans Oranje Vry Staat, Boer state in southern Africa that became a province of the Republic of South Africa in 1910. One of the four traditional provinces of South Africa, it was bordered by the Transvaal to the north, Natal and the independent state of Lesotho to the east, and Cape Province to the south and west. The first postapartheid South African government renamed the province Free

Aerospace Industry

2004-11-02T05:07:00.000-08:00

Technological progress is the basis for competitiveness and advancement in the aerospace industry. The industry is, as a result, a world leader in advancing science and technology. Aerospace systems have a very high value per unit weight and are among the most complex, as measured by the number of components in finished products. Consequently, it is economically

Catania, Gulf Of

2004-11-01T06:23:00.000-08:00

Italian Golfo Di Catania, inlet of the Ionian Sea on the eastern coast of Sicily. About 20 miles (32 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide, it lies between Cape Campolato (south) and Cape Molini (north). The gulf receives the Simeto River below Catania, its chief port.